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Uruk, in southern Iraq, has achieved superstar status in the field of archaeological excavations of ancient civilizations by listing the Sumerian kings among the 5,000 cuneiform tablets discovered there. ; This is also where the first potter’s wheel was designed; and it was the setting of the legendary or legendary Sumerian king Gilgamesh, immortalized in the first literary work, the Song or Epic of Gilgamesh. Located 80 kilometers (50 miles) northwest of Uruk, for nearly 1,300 years, Uruk was ruled by five dynasties of kings, lasting from 3,400 to 2,112 BC, but has been inhabited for thousands of years before and hundreds of years later.
Archaeological layers
Archaeological excavations have discovered layers of several cities built on top of each other, spanning millennia of human habitation, dating back to the fifth century ago AD and the legendary founding of the city by the gods. These strata are: Uruk XVIII Eridu period (about 5000 BC): foundation of Uruk – Anu district also called Kullaba; Uruk XVIII-XVI End of the Ubaid period (4800-4200 BC): Kullaba and Eanna districts merged into a single city; Uruk XVI-X Early Uruk period (4000-3800 BC); Uruk IX – VI Middle Uruk Period (3800-3400 BC); Uruk V – IV Late Uruk (3400-3100 BC) when the first monumental temples in the Eanna district were built; Uruk III Jemdet Nasr period (3100-2900, BC) when 9 km long city walls were built, surrounding a territory of 450 hectares, home to about 50,000 people; Uruk II and Uruk I.
There are three main sites at this site: First is the Anu district, which includes the Anu-Antum, Anu-ziggurat and Bit Resh temple complexes, a Neo-Babylonian temple complex dating from 250 BC. is also an astronomy center. The second is the Eanna district, which includes É-Anna’ Egipar-imin ziggurat and the area surrounding É-Anna; and Irigal, the south building.Then there are the later Parthian structures, including the Temple of Gareus and many apse buildings, as well as the “Gilgameš” city wall with the associated Sinkâsid Palace and the Bit Akîtu from the Seleucid period.
Preliminary Excavations
Preliminary excavations were conducted by Fraser and Ross in 1835 and followed up by William Loftus excavated in 1850 and 1854. However, the majority of the work has been conducted by German archaeologists who have spent 39 seasons excavating Uruk (modern Warka).
